History of JAMMU AND KASHMIR
There are several ways of finding out about the past. Kashmiris, who distinguished branches of Sanskrit learning were also good historians and left almost continuous written records of the history of the valley. Sources of the history of Kashmir are written records of history by historians, archaeological and numismatical evidences and accounts of foreign travellers, who visited Kashmir from time-to-time.
Origin of History
Kalhana, 12th century poet-historian, who wrote the Rajatarangini (AD 1148-1149), mentioned about eleven earlier chronicles, which he had consulted. Nilamatpurana is the earliest known text of Kashmir. It contains the sacred legends regarding the origin of the valley. The rites and worships prescribed by Nila-The Lord of Kashmir Nagas.
The Rajatarangini or the river of kings by Kalhana contains valuable political, social and other information pertaining to Kashmir and rest of India. Among the texts dealing specially with the sacred sites is the Haracharitachintamani of Jayadratha. During the Muslim period, Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin, who attracted chronicles and poets to his court and showed keen interest in Sanskrit though Persian was the language of the court, had Rajatarangini brought upto date by two famous chronicles of his reign- Jona Raja and Mulla Ahmed in Sanskrit and Persian respectively. The greater portion of Jona Raja’s chronicle, Rajavali deals with the reign of the later hindu ‘rulers from Jayasimha to Queen Didda. Mulla Ahmed’s translation of the Rajatarangini named Bahr-ul-Asman written in Persian and another work in Persian by Haider Malik’s-Tarikh-e-Kashmir (History of Kashmir). Abul Fazal’s Akbar Nama and Ain-e-Akbari gives information about history, geography, administration, antiquities, arts, industries etc of Kashmir.themselves in most Hiuen Tsang, who visited the valley in the year AD 631. records of the conversion of the people to Buddhism by Majjahantika. The Chinese pilgrim, Ou-Kong visited Kashmir in the middle of the AD 8th century, describing Kashmir as a kingdom surrounded by mountains on al sides. Ou-Kong gives the routes intersecting the mountains, leading to Tibet in the East, Baltistan in the North and Gandhara in the West.
Alberuni’s, Kitab-ul-Hind presents an accurate account of the valley. What he writes about the men and manners and arts and crafts of Kashmir is are confirmed by Sanskrit sources of the period. Notable among these are European travellers are Father Jerome Xavier, who accompained Emperor Akbar to Kashmir, Francis Bernier, who visited the Kashmir with Aurangzeb, Desideri, George Forester, Vigne, Drew, Lawrence and Cunningham visited the Kashmir after the valley had come under Dogra rulers and under the suzerainty of the British India Government.
The Name : Kashmir.There are two possible sources of the name Kashmir. From the legend, we know that the valley was called Kashyap-Mar or Kashyap-Pura, this could be the origin of the name. Another plausible theory is that its name is derived from Ka (the water) + Shimeera (to desiccate). So the name means, a land that emerged after desiccation of the water.
. The land was not always called Kashmir by everyone at everytime. The land was called Kasperia by the ancient Greeks and the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang, who visited the valley called it Kashi-Mi-Lo. Today the Kashmiri’s themselves call their land Kasheer.
A geography, physical features, antiquities, ethnology and composition of the people was conducted. The Numismatic evidence in the shape of ancient gold, silver, copper and brass coins has furnished evidence of a chain of kings, as mentioned by Kalhana and other , upto the modern times.The Alexander Cunningham’s survey of the old structures mentioned in the chronicles of Kalhana and the historians, who followed him excavations at various sites yielded evidence, providing significant data on historic and pre-historic periods of Kashmir.
Burzahom-Neolithic Age
• Burzahom was the first neolithic site to be discovered in Kashmir, located between the banks of the Dal lake and the Zabarvan hills.
• At Burzahom, homes were pits dug below ground level using stone tools.
• People of Burzahom made simple gray or raddish-brown hand made pots in different shapes and sizes.
* Many burials of this phase were discovered, red ochree was smeared on bodies before burial.
* Scientists have identified seeds of wild and cultivated types of wheat, barley and lentils of different kinds found at neolithic levels of Burzahom.
Mahabharata Period
The rudiments of the earliest history of Kashmir could be traced during the epical period. According to Mahabharata Mahabharata evidences, the Kambojs had ruled over the region during the epical times and had a Republican System of Government. Rajapura was their capital city, which has now been identified with modern Rajouri. Later, the Panchalas are believed to have established their sway. The name Peer Panjal, which is simply a distorted form of the Sanskritic tribal term Panchala, is a witness to this fact.
In the ‘Rajatarangini’, Kalhan has started the history of Kashmir just before the great Mahabharata War, and the first king mentioned by him is Gonanda I. He was killed in a battle along with his son and at the time of the commencement of Mahabharata War, Gonanda II was ruling Kashmir. After his death, the great historian informs that the records of 35 kings, who ruled the valley I could not be traced by him, because of the destruction of the record.
However, a modern scholar Peer Zada Hassan has given a brief record of these kings from a Persian work composed during the time of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (AD 1420-70). The author of this work Mulla Ahmed had been able to obtain the names of these kings from an earlier Sanskrit work Ratnakar.
Mauryan rule established over the landscape of Jammu and Kashmir around 3rd century BC. The great Mauryan Emperor Ashoka is recorded to have ruled Kashmir and Kalhan rightly mentions that the king was a follower of Buddhism. Ashoka founded the old city of Srinagar called now as Pandrethan (Purandhistan), and also build many viharas and temples and repaired the old shrine. At Vijeshwari (modern Bijbehra), he built a Shiva temple, thus winning the heart of the local population, who were mostly worshippers of Lord Shiva. It was Majjhantika, a celebrated Buddhist missionary, who was deputed to Kashmir and Urvasa to preach the faith of Buddha in those territories. Hiuen Tsang mentions the arrival of 500 monks to Kashmir and Ashoka making a gift of the valley to Sangha. Many Buddhist scholars, missionaries and intellectuals permanently settled in the valley. Naturally, in course of time, many people embraced Buddhism here. After the death of Ashoka, his son Jaluka ascended the throne of Kashmir and the latter was succeeded by his son King Damodar II. Jaluka was a great king, who cleared the valley of oppressing Maléchas (foreign unclean tribes).
Kushan Empire
After the Mauryas, Kashmir was occupied by the Kushanas. Kalhan’s account of Turushka kings, indicates without any doubt the Kushanas occupation of the valley. The three kings mentioned by him are Hushka, Jushka and Kanishka, each of them is credited with the foundation of a town christened after their respective names Hushkapura, Jushkapura and Kanishkapura. The Kushan kings also built many temples and viharas.
According to many scholars, Kanishka held the fourth great Buddhist Council at Kundalvan (Harwan, near Shalimar Garden), where historical division of Buddhism into two sects, namely Hinayana and Mahayana, took place. Hiuen Tsang has given the proceedings of this council. Nearly 500 Buddhist and Hindu scholars attended this conference and a learned Kashmir Brahmin Vasumitra presided over its session. Some of the great Buddhist scholars, who took active part in the council were Ashvaghosh, Nagarjuna, Vasubandhu, Sungamitra and Jinamitra.
Karkota Dynasty
Karkota dynasty was founded by Durlabhavardhana (AD 625-661) as borne out by his coins. During the reign of Durlabhavardhana, the Chinese pilgrim, Hiuen Tsang visited Kashmir and entered the valley via Baramulla, where he found a huge stone gate. The entry of all outsiders, except the Hindus, was banned in the state then. Hiuen Tsang was given a right royal reception by the people including the king. He stayed in Kashmir for nearly two years, studied Sanskrit and Hindu scriptures at the feet of learned men here. It is the Karkota dynasty that has given Kashmir the greatest ruler Lalitaditya Muktapid (AD 724-61). He is undoubtedly the Samudra Gupta of Kashmir. He was filled with an unquenchable thirst of world conquest. He invaded and conquered many countries in Asia and India.
The Punjab, Kannauj, Tibet, Ladakh, Badakshan, Iran, Bihar, Gauda (Bengal), Kalinga (Orissa), South India, Gujarat, Malwa, Marwar and Sindh conquered by him.
It was he, who finally broke the power of Arabs in feeling Sindh. All these unbroken victories created a of pride among the people here and his victories came to be celebrated in a big way. Kalhan, who wrote his famous chronicle Rajatarangini, nearly four hundred years s after the death of Lalitaditya, records victories of the great that even in his time the victor were being celebrated throughout the valley Alberuni, who accompanied Mahmud of Ghazni in his Indian campaigns, specifically mentions in his book Tarikh-e-Hind that Kashmiris observed second of Chaitra as the day of victory. Lalitaditya was equally a near the sacred great builder and he built his capital shrine of Kheer Bhawani and gave it the name of Parihaspur (city of pleasure).
Throughout the valley, he built very fine and massive temples, out of which the world famous Sun temple (Martand) built on Mattan Karewa, reminds us about their the grandeur and splendour of the times, when builder ruled the state. The extensive ruins of his capital city Parihaspur, speak of his activities in the field of art and architecture. After his death, it is mostly the weak rulers, except his grandson Jayatida, who ruled the valley.
Both Lalitaditya and Jayatida were great patrons of learning and extended their patronage to Bhavabhuti, Vakpatrija, Udhata Bhata, Damodhar Gupta, Manoratha, Sankhdanta and Samadhimat etc. The history of Karkota dynasty after Jayatida is a sad story of decline. All the conquered territories regained their independence and the sovereignity of the ruler of Kashmir came to be confined to Vitasta basin.
Medieval Period
Utpala Dynasty
It was about in AD 855-856 that Karkota rule ended and a new Utpala dynasty assumed power in Kashmir. The most important ruler of this dynasty was Maharaja Avantivarman. It was he, who recovered Kashmir from utter political and economic disorder. His reign witnessed a period of peace and consolidation and prosperity. The most important foundation of the King was his capital city of Avantipur, which he embellished with two temples, one dedicated to Shiva and other to Vishnu. Both of them are in ruins now, but even then, they stand as the most imposing monuments of ancient Kashmir. Avantivarman died in a temple on Dal lake, when a fatal disease caught him.
Avantivarman was succeeded by his son Shankarvarman, but then the decline of Utpala dynasty set in. In the time of King Yasakara (AD 939-948), a Math (hospice) was built for the students of India, who came to Kashmir for study and meditation. It clearly reveals intimate cultural contact between the valley and plains of India in the 10th century in AD 950, Khemgupta ascended the throne of Kashmir, a man of mediocre ability, who married princess Didda, daughter of the ruler of Lohara (Poonch) and granddaughter of the Shahi King of Kabul.
Queen Didda was the defacto ruler of the state, as she very dominating and exercised immense influence over her husband. She built many temples and monasteries and one of these was reserve for the people of Madhyadesha and Lata (Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Central India).
In AD 980, Didda ascended the throne after the death of her husband. Before her, two other queens had ruled the Kashmir, namely Yashovati and Sugandha. Didda was very unscrupulous and wilful lady and led a very immoral life. But inspite of these drawbacks, she was an able ruler, who firmly ruled the valley. She died in AD 1003 and left the throne of Kashmir to her family in undisputed succession. As her children had died young, she transmitted the crown to Sangramraj, son of her brother Udairaj, the ruler of Lohara (Poonch).
It was during her time, the Mahmud of Ghazni twice tried to capture the valley but the fort of Lohara, remarkable for its height and strength proved impregnable. The Sultan was obliged to abandon the conquest.
Lohara Dynasty
Lohara dynasty, centred at Lohran, was founded by Sangramraj after the death of Queen Didda and ruled the Kashmir for more than a century, after the eclipse of Utpala dynasty, till the end of the Hindu rule in Kashmir (AD 1399). From AD 1089 to 1101, King Harsha ruled Kashmir. Harsha with his son Bhoja were murdered and the Kashmir throne passed into the hands of two princes respectively. Both the prince met the fate of Harsha and when our great historian Kalhan completed his ‘Rajatarangini’ in AD 1149-50, King Jaisimha, the last great ruler of the Hindu time, was ruling the state.
Jaisimha’s (AD) 1128 55) early days were critical because of the preceeding civil wars and political unrest. Still the new ruler was able to maintain his firm rule for twenty-seven years in a comparative safety. The king repaired and restored many temples shrines, and numerous other pious foundations were also made during his reign. The people after a long time heaved a sign of relief Lohara dynasty was Vanitadeva, who died in AD 1171
Deva Dynasty
Deva dynasty ruled the Kashmir from AD 1171 to 1371. Sangramdev and Sahdev were notable kings During the reign of Sahdev, Kashmir was invaded by a Tratar chief, Dulucha, from Central Asia.
Foreign Invasion
▪ In the beginning of 14th century, a ferocious Mongol Dulucha invaded the valley through its Northem side Zoji La pass with an army of 80000 men. Like Taimur in the Punjab and Delhi, Dulucha carried sword and fire destroyed towns and villages and slaughtered thousands. His savage attack practically ended the Hindu rule in Kashmir. A weak and worthless man Raja Sachdev was the ruler then. It was during his reign that three adventures, Shah Mir from Swat (Tribal) territory on the borders of Afghanistan.
Rinchin from Ladakh and Lankar Chak from Dard territory near Gilgit came to Kashmir and played a notable role in subsequent political history of the valley. All the three men were granted Jagiers by the King. Rinchin, for three years, became the ruler of Kashmir, Shah Mir was the first ruler of Shain Min dynasty and the descendants of Lankar Chak established Chak rule in Kashmir.
Muslim Rule
Shah Miri Dynasty
After the death of Queen Kota, Shah Mir ascended the throne under the name of Sultan Shams-ud-din. The Shah Miri dynasty has given us only two rulers, who are worthy of mention. One is Sultan Shihab-ud-din and the second is the great sultan Zain-ul-Abidin. The former ascended the throne in AD 1354 and continued to rule till AD 1373. He was full of energy and vigour and he was able to establish his sway over the neighbouring countries. His army mainly consisted of Damras, Lavans and the hill tribes of Poonch, Rajouri and Kishtwar. His two important Hindu ministers were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. At the beginning of his reign, he led an army to Sindh and defeated its ruler. While returning, he defeated Afghans near Peshawar and then he conquered Kabul, Ghazni, Kandhar, Pakhali, Swat and Multan. He invaded Badakshan and then marched towards Dardistan and Gilgit, which he easily conquered. Then he marched towards Balochistan and Ladakh.
The ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) came with a huge army and Shah-ud-din, whose army was numerically inferior, inflicted a crushing defeat and the Kashgar army was almost wiped out. This led to the annexation of Ladakh and Baltistan, which were claimed by the Kashgar ruler. It is also said that the ruler of Kashmir marched towards Delhi and on the way conquered Kangra and then the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him on the banks of Sutlej. Since the battle between the rulers of the Delhi and Kashmir was indecisive, peace was concluded and it was agreed that all the territory from Sirhind to Kashmir was to belong to the Kashmir ruler. Shah-ud-din was not only a great conqueror but also an able administrator and he governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. The King founded a new town, which he called Shihab-ud-din-pura, known as Shadipur. He is also said to have erected many mosques and monasteries. Shihab-ud-din can rightly be called the Lalitaditya of medieval Kashmir.
Qutb-ud-din
The next ruler was Sultan Qutb-ud-din and in whose time the only important event worth mentioning is the arrival of Syed Ali Hamdani, who was the most remarkable personality of the then Muslim world. At the time of his 3rd visit, he got 700 Syeds from Hamdan, who were being out to torture by Timur, ruler of Persia. These Syeds established their centres of missionary activities in different parts of the valley. In 1389, Qutub-ud-din died and he was succeeded by his eldest son Sultan Sikandar. It was in the time of this Sultan that the political atmosphere of the state was vitiated.
Zain-ul-Abidin
Shahi-Khan or Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin ascended the throne in AD 1420 and ruled upto AD 1470, nearly for half a century. His accession to the throne proved to be the return of a bright and warm day after a cold and a chilly night. Zain-ul-Abidin organised a huge army and with its help he reconquered the Punjab, Western Tibet, Ladakh and Balti region, Kulu and Ohind (Hazara). The Sultan also maintained cordial and friendly relations with the rulers of other countries. The Sheriff of Macca and the Kings of Jilan and Egypt sent him presents.
The Maharaja of Gwalior, hearing that the Sultan was interested in music, sent his valuable works on Indian music. There was also an exchange of embassies and gifts between the great Sultan and the rulers of Sindh, Bengal, Tibet, Gujarat, Malwa and Delhi. The Sultan improved the tone of administration, which had rudely been shaken. He appointed talented persons in high administrative posts irrespective of caste or creed.
Social Works of Sultan: Zain-ul-Abidin
The Sultan had a high sense of justice and no one who committed a crime was spared, however close he was to throne. Many grandees, who were favourites of the King, were severely punished when found guilty. The King took keen interest in agriculture and like Lalitaditya and Avantivarman, many canals were dug out in all parts of the Kingdom. Jonraj and Shriva have given details of these canals in their valuable books. Owing to these irrigation works, the draining of marshes and reclamation of large areas for cultivation, Kashmir became self-sufficient in food and rice was cheap.
One of the most outstanding features of his administration was the just and liberal treatment for the Hindus, who were not only allowed complete freedom of worship, but the Sultan recalled all those, who had fled to India in the time of his father. He allowed those Hindus, who had forcibly been converted, to return to their former religion.
The Sultan banned cow slaughter and permitted the repair and rebuilding of the temples at government expenses. He granted lands to learned Brahmins, endowed temples and for Hindu pilgrims visiting holy places in the valley, he opened a royal kitchen at Rainawari known even now as Jogi Lanker. Jaziya was almost abolished and the Sultan participated in Hindu festivals and entertained Brahmins and Sadhus on auspicious days. Some of his important Hindu ministers were the famous physician, viz Shri Bhat, Tilakacharya, Simha Bhat, Ruppa Bhat, Karupar Bhat and Shrivara. At the same time Sultan was a great patron of men of letters, such as Syed Mohammad Rumi, Syed Ahmed Rumi, Qazi Syed Ali Shirazi, Qazi Jamal and Maulana Kabir to mention only a few. The Sultan had also established a translation department, where important works were translated from Sanskrit into Persian and Arabic. The Sultan opened schools and hostels for the students.
The Sultan was a great builder. He founded the new city called Nowshader (a part of the city now). Besides Nowshader, the Sultan founded the town of Zainapur, Zainakut and Zainagir. Similarly, he built the first wooden bridge at Srinagar known even now as Zainakadal. In AD 1470, the Sultan died and for a long time his death was mourned by the people. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin’s death sounded the death knell of Shah Miri dynasty.
Chak Dynasty
The last Shah Miri ruler, Sultan Habib Shah, a weakling was deposed by his commander and nobles raised on throne Gazi Chak, a prominent Military General of the time. He was the direct descendant of Lankar Chak, who had come to Kashmir towards the close of Hindu rule. The Chak rule began in Kashmir in AD 1561 and lasted till AD 1587, when Akbar, the great Mughal Emperor, conquered Kashmir. Chaks were originally Dards residents of Gilgit Huza area. They thwarted successfully the attempts of Mughal Emperors Babur and Humayun to annex Kashmir. Yusuf Shah Chak married to Habba Khatun, a beautiful and charming poetess and made Gulmarg and Sonamarg the holiday resorts. He tried his best to ward off the expanding infuluence of the Mughal, but eventually succumbed to the forces of Akbar and died in prison in Bihar. Mughal Army under Qasim, defeated Shah’s Army at Haripura and this paved the way of Mughal rule in Kashmir in AD 1587.
Mughal Dynasty (AKBar 1605)
The Mughals remained in power here, from AD 1587 to AD 1752 and in this period undoubtedly the people enjoyed peace and orderly government. There were some rapacious officers, but on the complaint of the people, the Mughal rulers immediately removed them. It was in AD 1579, that illuminated Mughal Emperor Akbar visited Kashmir.
About eighty thousand Kashmiis vere entertained by Akbar at Idgah. During his reign, Raja Todar Mal, the great Finance and Revenue Minister, made revenue settlement of the valley, which in its broad features forms the basis of the present revenue settlement in the valley. Akbar built a new town near Hariparbat and called it Nagar-Magar and built the massive wall around the hill. The great emperor visited the valley three times and with him, came a large number of Mughal grandees, noblemen and army generals. But actually, it was in the time of Jahangir that the beaut of the state attracted thousands of visitors to the happy valley. Shalimar and Nishat gardens on the banks of Dal lake, would keep Jahangir’s love for natural beauty ever fresh in our memory. He laid gardens at Achable and Verinag. Perhaps no other ruler has ever paid so much tribute takes beauty of beauty of Kashmir as Jahangir did.
Shah Jahan laid the garden of Chashmashahi and also built a portion of Shalimar. The Mughal Governor Ali Marden Khan also laid out a number of gardens. Aurangzeb visited Kashmir only once in AD 1665.
Aurangzeb’s reign was a signal for revolts and rebellions in several parts of the country. In distant parts of the empire commenced an era of lawlessness, anarchy and disorder. Many states became independent under their subedars, who founded new independent states. A reign of disorder also started in Kashmir. There was absolute chaos in Northern India after the invasion of Nadir Shah of Persia. The people of Kashmir could no longer tolerate the misrule of Mughal satraps and accordingly when Ahmed Shah Abdali of Kabul was at Lahore in AD 1752, two Kashmiri noblemen, Mir Muquim Kant and Khwaja Zahir Didmari, waited upon him at Lahore and disgracefully requested him to bring Kashmir under his control.
Afghan Rule
The Afghan rule in Kashmir lasted for AD 1762 to AD 1819. They ruled through their Governors, who in turn engaged their deputies to rule in Kashmir. They were despotic and tyrannised the people. Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai, Buland Khan Bamzai, Khurana Khan, Timur, Zaman Shah, Shah Mohammed and Shah Shuja were the Chief Governors.
Ahmed Shah, a free hooter of Nadir Shah, gladly Daccepted this offer and immediately despatched a strong and a powerful Afghan Army under the command of Abdullah Khan Ishik Agasi, to occupy the valley. The Mughal satrap offered a strong resistance, but was defeated and the Afghan Governor planted the Afghan flag on the ramparts of Akbar’s town at Nogar. The rule of Mughals in Kashmir came to an end, although it continued to exist in Northern India, nominally upto AD 1857. Kashmir remained a dependency of Kabul rulers till AD 1819, roughly a period of sixty-seven years.
Sikh Rule
A deputation of Kashmiris led by Pandit Birbal Dhar and his son Pandit Rajakak Dhar, left for Lahore and fervently requested Maharaja Ranjit Singh to conquer Kashmir. Three prominent Muslims helped Pandit Birbal Dhar in his escape from the valley. They were Abdul Qadoos Gojwari, Malik Zulfiqar and Malik Kamgar. In AD 1819, thirty thou and soldiers of Maharaja Ranjit Singh attacked Kashmir, defeated the Pathans and the state became a part of Ranjit Singh’s empire. Sikh rule lasted for only twenty-seven years from AD 1819 to AD 1846.
Modern Period
In AD 1846, when the British defeated the Sikhs and annexed the Punjab, they sold Kashmir to Gulab Singh of Jammu for 7.5 million, under the Treaty of Amritsar. Maharaja Gulab Singh entered Srinagar on 9th November, 1848 at 8 am in the morning. The Dogra royal line traces its descent from the ancient Kshatriyas mentioned frequently in ‘Mahabharata’.
The Dogra ruler claimed that they belong to the Surya Vanshi (Sun born) race. Maharaja Gulab Singh was a man of great vigour, foresight and determination. He repressed opposition and crime with an iron hand and he was universally feared and respected.
He crushed gangs of organised plunderers and murderers in the valley known as Galwans and also broke the power of Bombas and Khokhas, the inhabitants of Jhelum valley region below Baramulla,who brought havoc to every home in the valley by following a policy of arson and plunder. Large number of forts were built in their territory, which were garrisoned with troops. The greatest service of the first Dogra ruler is the foundation, he laid of the modern Jammu and Kashmir State. It was Gulab Singh, who conquered one by one different places and regions of the State, Jammu, Poonch, Ram Nagar, Basoli, Bhadarwah, Kishtwar, Bhimbar, Rajauri, Sikardu, Kharmang, Kiris, Khaplu, Sheghar, Astor Gilgit, Chitral, Yasin, Hunza, Nagar and Punial.
The Maharaja died in AD 1857 after a rule of eleven years, during which period he laid the foundation of a sound system of administration. He was succeeded by Maharaja Ranbir Singh, who ruled from AD 1857 to AD 1885. After the death of Maharaja Pratap Singh, his nephew Maharaja Hari Singh ascended the throne in AD 1925. He continued to govern the state till AD 1950.
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